The Great Depression hit few cities harder than New York — but the city’s darkest hour was also the crucible in which today’s New York was forged.
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24 Photos Of The Great Depression That Show Our Current Recession Could Be So Much Worse
44 Colorized Photos That Bring The Streets Of Century-Old New York City To Life
Color Photos That’ll Make You Glad You Didn’t Live Through The Great Depression
1 of 56With the stock market crash of 1929, the Great Depression, at least nominally, began in New York City. The economic cataclysm would hit the nation’s largest city particularly hard.
An unemployed man reads a newspaper in his shanty, 1933.FPG/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 2 of 56An unemployed man lies down on the city docks, circa 1935.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 3 of 56Much of Central Park became Hooverville, a shanty town for the newly impoverished (named for President Herbert Hoover, in office during the market crash and widely blamed for it) – pictured above, 1933.Bettmann/Getty Images 4 of 56An old woman receives her Thanksgiving ration of food as other hungry people wait in line for the same, 1930.Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 5 of 56Yet amid all this poverty and desperation, certain aspects of New York thrived during the Great Depression. Throughout those ten or so years, it in many ways became the city we know today.
Pictured: The most famous image of the many high-profile New York construction projects of the Great Depression depicts laborers taking their lunch break on a steel beam atop the 70-story RCA building in Rockefeller Center, more than 800 feet above the street, on September 20, 1932.Bettmann/Getty Images 6 of 56While the true roots of the Great Depression in America are varied and complex, the simplified version of the story begins on “Black Thursday,” October 24, 1929. At this point, fears of dangerously rampant speculation saw stockholders dump their assets at record numbers, with the market losing a whopping 11 percent of its value on that one day.
Pictured: Traders work on Wall Street in October 1929.OFF/AFP/Getty Images 7 of 56Just four days after “Black Thursday” came “Black Monday” and “Black Tuesday,” when the market lost a further 13 and 12 percent, respectively, of its value. It was, all things considered, the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States.
Pictured: Upset crowds gather outside the New York Stock Exchange soon after the crash.Library of Congress 8 of 56Soon after the crash, tens of millions across the country sank into poverty. And in New York, by 1932, “half of [the city’s] manufacturing plants were closed, one in every three New Yorkers was unemployed, and roughly 1.6 million were on some form of relief,” according to the New York Tenement Museum.
Unemployed men sit outside their makeshift homes in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 9 of 56Within six months of the crash, more than 50 breadlines served meals to approximately 50,000 hungry people each day in the Lower East Side alone.
Pictured: A long line of unemployed and homeless men wait outside to get free dinner at a municipal lodging house, circa 1930.Fotosearch/Getty Images 10 of 56A woman pulls her baggage as she pushes her baby in a pram, circa early 1930s.Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images 11 of 56Talman Street in northwest Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 12 of 56Children play in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 13 of 56The Manhattan Bridge as seen from Pike and Henry Streets, littered with trash, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 14 of 56A child sits on the fire escape of the tenement in which she lives, circa mid-1930s.Consuelo Kanaga/Brooklyn Museum via Wikimedia Commons 15 of 56A large group of people wait on a food line, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 16 of 56A man stands beside his traveling tin shop in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 17 of 56A vacant lot in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/New York Public Library 18 of 56Unemployed men smoke cigarettes amid their shantytown in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 19 of 56However, while poverty plunged New York to new depths, the city’s ambitious construction projects pushed it to new heights. During the Great Depression, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, Radio City Music Hall, Rockefeller Center, the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, and more were all completed.
Pictured: A laborer works on the frame of the Empire State Building, 1930.Lewis Hine via Wikimedia Commons 20 of 56A worker on the Empire State Building hangs by a steel beam, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 21 of 56A laborer during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 22 of 56The soon-to-be-completed Empire State Building, 1931.Irving Underhill/Library of Congress 23 of 56Construction on the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 24 of 56The recently completed Chrysler Building, circa 1930.Detroit Publishing Co./Library of Congress 25 of 56A workman rides a crane hook during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 26 of 56The recently opened Radio City Music Hall, 1934.Wurts Brothers/New York Public Library 27 of 56A laborer sits on the frame of an unfinished building overlooking Manhattan, 1935.Wikimedia Commons 28 of 56The recently completed 30 Rockefeller Center, 1933.Samuel Herman Gottscho/Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons 29 of 56Unemployed men sit at the docks, 1934.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 30 of 56Men wait on a breadline, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 31 of 56Clotheslines rest over the court of a crowded Upper East Side tenement, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 32 of 56World War I veterans board a bus in lower Manhattan bound for upstate New York’s Fort Slocum, where a government relief program offered dollar-a-day reforestation jobs, 1933.Library of Congress 33 of 56Women talk while one of their children plays in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 34 of 56Two waiters serve lunch to steel workers on a girder of the famous, soon-to-be-completed Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 1930.Keystone/Getty Images 35 of 56Unemployed, single women march to demand jobs, 1933.Library of Congress 36 of 56The hungry wait to be fed outside St. Peter’s Mission, circa 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 37 of 56Woolworth’s employees on strike for a 40-hour work week, 1937.Library of Congress 38 of 56Construction in progress on the Empire State Building with the Chrysler Building in the background, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 39 of 56Children’s protest parade for better housing conditions, circa 1930-1933.Library of Congress 40 of 56A bootblack at work outside the New York Savings Bank, 1937.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress 41 of 56Men on the street outside a chicken shop at an unspecified location, 1938.Jack Allison/Library of Congress 42 of 56The first session of the Communist National Convention, at the Manhattan Opera House on June 24, 1936.
As the Great Depression put more and more people out of work and plunged them into poverty, communism became an increasingly attractive ideology.AFP/AFP/Getty Images 43 of 56The Empire State Building under construction, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 44 of 56Leading New York gangster Charles “Lucky” Luciano in his 1931 mugshot following an arrest on charges of leading a prostitution ring.
After the Prohibition of the 1920s allowed organized crime to thrive behind illegal alcohol sales, gangsters entered the 1930s with a new level of wealth and power. It was during this time that Luciano and several other key crime figures, including Bugsy Siegel and Meyer Lansky, helped establish the Five Families and bring the New York mafia into its modern form.New York Police Department via Wikimedia Commons 45 of 56Angry crowds gather outside lower Manhattan’s Bank of United States following its devastating collapse, 1931.Library of Congress 46 of 56The Williamsburg Bridge as seen from the Brooklyn side, 1937.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 47 of 56A woman on strike stands on Manhattan’s 7th Avenue, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 48 of 56Weighing the catch at the Fulton Market in lower Manhattan, 1934.Library of Congress 49 of 56Pushcart market in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, 1939.Alan Fisher/Library of Congress 50 of 56Inside McSorley’s Old Ale House – which opened its doors in the mid-19th century and remains one of New York’s oldest operating pubs today – in the East Village, 1937. Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 51 of 56A family gathers on their stoop on Jay Street in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 52 of 56Bathgate Avenue in the Bronx, an area popular with federal subsistence homesteaders coming in from New Jersey, 1936.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress 53 of 56Young men gather in front of re-election signs for President Franklin D. Roosevelt – whose federal relief programs helped the city through the Great Depression to a great extent – in Midtown Manhattan, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 54 of 56Elected in 1933, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia helped New York weather the Great Depression as best it could. The city’s first ever mayor of either southern or eastern European descent, he unified the city’s poor immigrant populations (most of which came from that region). Given his close association with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he also enacted scores of social and economic relief programs.
Pictured: LaGuardia giving a radio broadcast, 1940.Fred Palumbo/Library of Congress 55 of 56Ultimately, the Great Depression exposed just how bad poverty in much of the city had already been for decades. In response, LaGuardia’s initiatives saw thousands of slums and tenements fixed, torn down, or rebuilt, making way for a newer, better New York that would see extraordinary economic growth in the coming decades.
Pictured: Lower Manhattan, circa 1931.U.S. National Archives via Wikimedia Commons 56 of 56Like this gallery?Share it:
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55 Harrowing Photos Of The Great Depression In New York City View Gallery
Today, we simply can’t truly appreciate the magnitude of the Great Depression.
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24 Photos Of The Great Depression That Show Our Current Recession Could Be So Much Worse
44 Colorized Photos That Bring The Streets Of Century-Old New York City To Life
Color Photos That’ll Make You Glad You Didn’t Live Through The Great Depression
1 of 56With the stock market crash of 1929, the Great Depression, at least nominally, began in New York City. The economic cataclysm would hit the nation’s largest city particularly hard.
An unemployed man reads a newspaper in his shanty, 1933.FPG/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 2 of 56An unemployed man lies down on the city docks, circa 1935.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 3 of 56Much of Central Park became Hooverville, a shanty town for the newly impoverished (named for President Herbert Hoover, in office during the market crash and widely blamed for it) – pictured above, 1933.Bettmann/Getty Images 4 of 56An old woman receives her Thanksgiving ration of food as other hungry people wait in line for the same, 1930.Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 5 of 56Yet amid all this poverty and desperation, certain aspects of New York thrived during the Great Depression. Throughout those ten or so years, it in many ways became the city we know today.
Pictured: The most famous image of the many high-profile New York construction projects of the Great Depression depicts laborers taking their lunch break on a steel beam atop the 70-story RCA building in Rockefeller Center, more than 800 feet above the street, on September 20, 1932.Bettmann/Getty Images 6 of 56While the true roots of the Great Depression in America are varied and complex, the simplified version of the story begins on “Black Thursday,” October 24, 1929. At this point, fears of dangerously rampant speculation saw stockholders dump their assets at record numbers, with the market losing a whopping 11 percent of its value on that one day.
Pictured: Traders work on Wall Street in October 1929.OFF/AFP/Getty Images 7 of 56Just four days after “Black Thursday” came “Black Monday” and “Black Tuesday,” when the market lost a further 13 and 12 percent, respectively, of its value. It was, all things considered, the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States.
Pictured: Upset crowds gather outside the New York Stock Exchange soon after the crash.Library of Congress 8 of 56Soon after the crash, tens of millions across the country sank into poverty. And in New York, by 1932, “half of [the city’s] manufacturing plants were closed, one in every three New Yorkers was unemployed, and roughly 1.6 million were on some form of relief,” according to the New York Tenement Museum.
Unemployed men sit outside their makeshift homes in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 9 of 56Within six months of the crash, more than 50 breadlines served meals to approximately 50,000 hungry people each day in the Lower East Side alone.
Pictured: A long line of unemployed and homeless men wait outside to get free dinner at a municipal lodging house, circa 1930.Fotosearch/Getty Images 10 of 56A woman pulls her baggage as she pushes her baby in a pram, circa early 1930s.Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images 11 of 56Talman Street in northwest Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 12 of 56Children play in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 13 of 56The Manhattan Bridge as seen from Pike and Henry Streets, littered with trash, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 14 of 56A child sits on the fire escape of the tenement in which she lives, circa mid-1930s.Consuelo Kanaga/Brooklyn Museum via Wikimedia Commons 15 of 56A large group of people wait on a food line, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 16 of 56A man stands beside his traveling tin shop in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 17 of 56A vacant lot in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/New York Public Library 18 of 56Unemployed men smoke cigarettes amid their shantytown in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 19 of 56However, while poverty plunged New York to new depths, the city’s ambitious construction projects pushed it to new heights. During the Great Depression, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, Radio City Music Hall, Rockefeller Center, the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, and more were all completed.
Pictured: A laborer works on the frame of the Empire State Building, 1930.Lewis Hine via Wikimedia Commons 20 of 56A worker on the Empire State Building hangs by a steel beam, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 21 of 56A laborer during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 22 of 56The soon-to-be-completed Empire State Building, 1931.Irving Underhill/Library of Congress 23 of 56Construction on the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 24 of 56The recently completed Chrysler Building, circa 1930.Detroit Publishing Co./Library of Congress 25 of 56A workman rides a crane hook during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 26 of 56The recently opened Radio City Music Hall, 1934.Wurts Brothers/New York Public Library 27 of 56A laborer sits on the frame of an unfinished building overlooking Manhattan, 1935.Wikimedia Commons 28 of 56The recently completed 30 Rockefeller Center, 1933.Samuel Herman Gottscho/Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons 29 of 56Unemployed men sit at the docks, 1934.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 30 of 56Men wait on a breadline, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 31 of 56Clotheslines rest over the court of a crowded Upper East Side tenement, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 32 of 56World War I veterans board a bus in lower Manhattan bound for upstate New York’s Fort Slocum, where a government relief program offered dollar-a-day reforestation jobs, 1933.Library of Congress 33 of 56Women talk while one of their children plays in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 34 of 56Two waiters serve lunch to steel workers on a girder of the famous, soon-to-be-completed Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 1930.Keystone/Getty Images 35 of 56Unemployed, single women march to demand jobs, 1933.Library of Congress 36 of 56The hungry wait to be fed outside St. Peter’s Mission, circa 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 37 of 56Woolworth’s employees on strike for a 40-hour work week, 1937.Library of Congress 38 of 56Construction in progress on the Empire State Building with the Chrysler Building in the background, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 39 of 56Children’s protest parade for better housing conditions, circa 1930-1933.Library of Congress 40 of 56A bootblack at work outside the New York Savings Bank, 1937.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress 41 of 56Men on the street outside a chicken shop at an unspecified location, 1938.Jack Allison/Library of Congress 42 of 56The first session of the Communist National Convention, at the Manhattan Opera House on June 24, 1936.
As the Great Depression put more and more people out of work and plunged them into poverty, communism became an increasingly attractive ideology.AFP/AFP/Getty Images 43 of 56The Empire State Building under construction, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 44 of 56Leading New York gangster Charles “Lucky” Luciano in his 1931 mugshot following an arrest on charges of leading a prostitution ring.
After the Prohibition of the 1920s allowed organized crime to thrive behind illegal alcohol sales, gangsters entered the 1930s with a new level of wealth and power. It was during this time that Luciano and several other key crime figures, including Bugsy Siegel and Meyer Lansky, helped establish the Five Families and bring the New York mafia into its modern form.New York Police Department via Wikimedia Commons 45 of 56Angry crowds gather outside lower Manhattan’s Bank of United States following its devastating collapse, 1931.Library of Congress 46 of 56The Williamsburg Bridge as seen from the Brooklyn side, 1937.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 47 of 56A woman on strike stands on Manhattan’s 7th Avenue, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 48 of 56Weighing the catch at the Fulton Market in lower Manhattan, 1934.Library of Congress 49 of 56Pushcart market in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, 1939.Alan Fisher/Library of Congress 50 of 56Inside McSorley’s Old Ale House – which opened its doors in the mid-19th century and remains one of New York’s oldest operating pubs today – in the East Village, 1937. Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 51 of 56A family gathers on their stoop on Jay Street in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 52 of 56Bathgate Avenue in the Bronx, an area popular with federal subsistence homesteaders coming in from New Jersey, 1936.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress 53 of 56Young men gather in front of re-election signs for President Franklin D. Roosevelt – whose federal relief programs helped the city through the Great Depression to a great extent – in Midtown Manhattan, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 54 of 56Elected in 1933, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia helped New York weather the Great Depression as best it could. The city’s first ever mayor of either southern or eastern European descent, he unified the city’s poor immigrant populations (most of which came from that region). Given his close association with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he also enacted scores of social and economic relief programs.
Pictured: LaGuardia giving a radio broadcast, 1940.Fred Palumbo/Library of Congress 55 of 56Ultimately, the Great Depression exposed just how bad poverty in much of the city had already been for decades. In response, LaGuardia’s initiatives saw thousands of slums and tenements fixed, torn down, or rebuilt, making way for a newer, better New York that would see extraordinary economic growth in the coming decades.
Pictured: Lower Manhattan, circa 1931.U.S. National Archives via Wikimedia Commons 56 of 56Like this gallery?Share it:
Share
Like this gallery?Share it:
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And if you liked this post, be sure to check out these popular posts:
24 Photos Of The Great Depression That Show Our Current Recession Could Be So Much Worse
44 Colorized Photos That Bring The Streets Of Century-Old New York City To Life
Color Photos That’ll Make You Glad You Didn’t Live Through The Great Depression
1 of 56With the stock market crash of 1929, the Great Depression, at least nominally, began in New York City. The economic cataclysm would hit the nation’s largest city particularly hard.
An unemployed man reads a newspaper in his shanty, 1933.FPG/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 2 of 56An unemployed man lies down on the city docks, circa 1935.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 3 of 56Much of Central Park became Hooverville, a shanty town for the newly impoverished (named for President Herbert Hoover, in office during the market crash and widely blamed for it) – pictured above, 1933.Bettmann/Getty Images 4 of 56An old woman receives her Thanksgiving ration of food as other hungry people wait in line for the same, 1930.Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 5 of 56Yet amid all this poverty and desperation, certain aspects of New York thrived during the Great Depression. Throughout those ten or so years, it in many ways became the city we know today.
Pictured: The most famous image of the many high-profile New York construction projects of the Great Depression depicts laborers taking their lunch break on a steel beam atop the 70-story RCA building in Rockefeller Center, more than 800 feet above the street, on September 20, 1932.Bettmann/Getty Images 6 of 56While the true roots of the Great Depression in America are varied and complex, the simplified version of the story begins on “Black Thursday,” October 24, 1929. At this point, fears of dangerously rampant speculation saw stockholders dump their assets at record numbers, with the market losing a whopping 11 percent of its value on that one day.
Pictured: Traders work on Wall Street in October 1929.OFF/AFP/Getty Images 7 of 56Just four days after “Black Thursday” came “Black Monday” and “Black Tuesday,” when the market lost a further 13 and 12 percent, respectively, of its value. It was, all things considered, the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States.
Pictured: Upset crowds gather outside the New York Stock Exchange soon after the crash.Library of Congress 8 of 56Soon after the crash, tens of millions across the country sank into poverty. And in New York, by 1932, “half of [the city’s] manufacturing plants were closed, one in every three New Yorkers was unemployed, and roughly 1.6 million were on some form of relief,” according to the New York Tenement Museum.
Unemployed men sit outside their makeshift homes in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 9 of 56Within six months of the crash, more than 50 breadlines served meals to approximately 50,000 hungry people each day in the Lower East Side alone.
Pictured: A long line of unemployed and homeless men wait outside to get free dinner at a municipal lodging house, circa 1930.Fotosearch/Getty Images 10 of 56A woman pulls her baggage as she pushes her baby in a pram, circa early 1930s.Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images 11 of 56Talman Street in northwest Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 12 of 56Children play in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 13 of 56The Manhattan Bridge as seen from Pike and Henry Streets, littered with trash, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 14 of 56A child sits on the fire escape of the tenement in which she lives, circa mid-1930s.Consuelo Kanaga/Brooklyn Museum via Wikimedia Commons 15 of 56A large group of people wait on a food line, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 16 of 56A man stands beside his traveling tin shop in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 17 of 56A vacant lot in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/New York Public Library 18 of 56Unemployed men smoke cigarettes amid their shantytown in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 19 of 56However, while poverty plunged New York to new depths, the city’s ambitious construction projects pushed it to new heights. During the Great Depression, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, Radio City Music Hall, Rockefeller Center, the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, and more were all completed.
Pictured: A laborer works on the frame of the Empire State Building, 1930.Lewis Hine via Wikimedia Commons 20 of 56A worker on the Empire State Building hangs by a steel beam, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 21 of 56A laborer during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 22 of 56The soon-to-be-completed Empire State Building, 1931.Irving Underhill/Library of Congress 23 of 56Construction on the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 24 of 56The recently completed Chrysler Building, circa 1930.Detroit Publishing Co./Library of Congress 25 of 56A workman rides a crane hook during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 26 of 56The recently opened Radio City Music Hall, 1934.Wurts Brothers/New York Public Library 27 of 56A laborer sits on the frame of an unfinished building overlooking Manhattan, 1935.Wikimedia Commons 28 of 56The recently completed 30 Rockefeller Center, 1933.Samuel Herman Gottscho/Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons 29 of 56Unemployed men sit at the docks, 1934.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 30 of 56Men wait on a breadline, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 31 of 56Clotheslines rest over the court of a crowded Upper East Side tenement, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 32 of 56World War I veterans board a bus in lower Manhattan bound for upstate New York’s Fort Slocum, where a government relief program offered dollar-a-day reforestation jobs, 1933.Library of Congress 33 of 56Women talk while one of their children plays in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 34 of 56Two waiters serve lunch to steel workers on a girder of the famous, soon-to-be-completed Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 1930.Keystone/Getty Images 35 of 56Unemployed, single women march to demand jobs, 1933.Library of Congress 36 of 56The hungry wait to be fed outside St. Peter’s Mission, circa 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 37 of 56Woolworth’s employees on strike for a 40-hour work week, 1937.Library of Congress 38 of 56Construction in progress on the Empire State Building with the Chrysler Building in the background, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 39 of 56Children’s protest parade for better housing conditions, circa 1930-1933.Library of Congress 40 of 56A bootblack at work outside the New York Savings Bank, 1937.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress 41 of 56Men on the street outside a chicken shop at an unspecified location, 1938.Jack Allison/Library of Congress 42 of 56The first session of the Communist National Convention, at the Manhattan Opera House on June 24, 1936.
As the Great Depression put more and more people out of work and plunged them into poverty, communism became an increasingly attractive ideology.AFP/AFP/Getty Images 43 of 56The Empire State Building under construction, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 44 of 56Leading New York gangster Charles “Lucky” Luciano in his 1931 mugshot following an arrest on charges of leading a prostitution ring.
After the Prohibition of the 1920s allowed organized crime to thrive behind illegal alcohol sales, gangsters entered the 1930s with a new level of wealth and power. It was during this time that Luciano and several other key crime figures, including Bugsy Siegel and Meyer Lansky, helped establish the Five Families and bring the New York mafia into its modern form.New York Police Department via Wikimedia Commons 45 of 56Angry crowds gather outside lower Manhattan’s Bank of United States following its devastating collapse, 1931.Library of Congress 46 of 56The Williamsburg Bridge as seen from the Brooklyn side, 1937.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 47 of 56A woman on strike stands on Manhattan’s 7th Avenue, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 48 of 56Weighing the catch at the Fulton Market in lower Manhattan, 1934.Library of Congress 49 of 56Pushcart market in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, 1939.Alan Fisher/Library of Congress 50 of 56Inside McSorley’s Old Ale House – which opened its doors in the mid-19th century and remains one of New York’s oldest operating pubs today – in the East Village, 1937. Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 51 of 56A family gathers on their stoop on Jay Street in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 52 of 56Bathgate Avenue in the Bronx, an area popular with federal subsistence homesteaders coming in from New Jersey, 1936.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress 53 of 56Young men gather in front of re-election signs for President Franklin D. Roosevelt – whose federal relief programs helped the city through the Great Depression to a great extent – in Midtown Manhattan, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 54 of 56Elected in 1933, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia helped New York weather the Great Depression as best it could. The city’s first ever mayor of either southern or eastern European descent, he unified the city’s poor immigrant populations (most of which came from that region). Given his close association with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he also enacted scores of social and economic relief programs.
Pictured: LaGuardia giving a radio broadcast, 1940.Fred Palumbo/Library of Congress 55 of 56Ultimately, the Great Depression exposed just how bad poverty in much of the city had already been for decades. In response, LaGuardia’s initiatives saw thousands of slums and tenements fixed, torn down, or rebuilt, making way for a newer, better New York that would see extraordinary economic growth in the coming decades.
Pictured: Lower Manhattan, circa 1931.U.S. National Archives via Wikimedia Commons 56 of 56Like this gallery?Share it:
Share
Like this gallery?Share it:
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And if you liked this post, be sure to check out these popular posts:
24 Photos Of The Great Depression That Show Our Current Recession Could Be So Much Worse
44 Colorized Photos That Bring The Streets Of Century-Old New York City To Life
Color Photos That’ll Make You Glad You Didn’t Live Through The Great Depression
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1 of 56With the stock market crash of 1929, the Great Depression, at least nominally, began in New York City. The economic cataclysm would hit the nation’s largest city particularly hard.
An unemployed man reads a newspaper in his shanty, 1933.FPG/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 2 of 56An unemployed man lies down on the city docks, circa 1935.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 3 of 56Much of Central Park became Hooverville, a shanty town for the newly impoverished (named for President Herbert Hoover, in office during the market crash and widely blamed for it) – pictured above, 1933.Bettmann/Getty Images 4 of 56An old woman receives her Thanksgiving ration of food as other hungry people wait in line for the same, 1930.Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 5 of 56Yet amid all this poverty and desperation, certain aspects of New York thrived during the Great Depression. Throughout those ten or so years, it in many ways became the city we know today.
Pictured: The most famous image of the many high-profile New York construction projects of the Great Depression depicts laborers taking their lunch break on a steel beam atop the 70-story RCA building in Rockefeller Center, more than 800 feet above the street, on September 20, 1932.Bettmann/Getty Images 6 of 56While the true roots of the Great Depression in America are varied and complex, the simplified version of the story begins on “Black Thursday,” October 24, 1929. At this point, fears of dangerously rampant speculation saw stockholders dump their assets at record numbers, with the market losing a whopping 11 percent of its value on that one day.
Pictured: Traders work on Wall Street in October 1929.OFF/AFP/Getty Images 7 of 56Just four days after “Black Thursday” came “Black Monday” and “Black Tuesday,” when the market lost a further 13 and 12 percent, respectively, of its value. It was, all things considered, the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States.
Pictured: Upset crowds gather outside the New York Stock Exchange soon after the crash.Library of Congress 8 of 56Soon after the crash, tens of millions across the country sank into poverty. And in New York, by 1932, “half of [the city’s] manufacturing plants were closed, one in every three New Yorkers was unemployed, and roughly 1.6 million were on some form of relief,” according to the New York Tenement Museum.
Unemployed men sit outside their makeshift homes in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 9 of 56Within six months of the crash, more than 50 breadlines served meals to approximately 50,000 hungry people each day in the Lower East Side alone.
Pictured: A long line of unemployed and homeless men wait outside to get free dinner at a municipal lodging house, circa 1930.Fotosearch/Getty Images 10 of 56A woman pulls her baggage as she pushes her baby in a pram, circa early 1930s.Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images 11 of 56Talman Street in northwest Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 12 of 56Children play in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 13 of 56The Manhattan Bridge as seen from Pike and Henry Streets, littered with trash, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 14 of 56A child sits on the fire escape of the tenement in which she lives, circa mid-1930s.Consuelo Kanaga/Brooklyn Museum via Wikimedia Commons 15 of 56A large group of people wait on a food line, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 16 of 56A man stands beside his traveling tin shop in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 17 of 56A vacant lot in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/New York Public Library 18 of 56Unemployed men smoke cigarettes amid their shantytown in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 19 of 56However, while poverty plunged New York to new depths, the city’s ambitious construction projects pushed it to new heights. During the Great Depression, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, Radio City Music Hall, Rockefeller Center, the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, and more were all completed.
Pictured: A laborer works on the frame of the Empire State Building, 1930.Lewis Hine via Wikimedia Commons 20 of 56A worker on the Empire State Building hangs by a steel beam, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 21 of 56A laborer during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 22 of 56The soon-to-be-completed Empire State Building, 1931.Irving Underhill/Library of Congress 23 of 56Construction on the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 24 of 56The recently completed Chrysler Building, circa 1930.Detroit Publishing Co./Library of Congress 25 of 56A workman rides a crane hook during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 26 of 56The recently opened Radio City Music Hall, 1934.Wurts Brothers/New York Public Library 27 of 56A laborer sits on the frame of an unfinished building overlooking Manhattan, 1935.Wikimedia Commons 28 of 56The recently completed 30 Rockefeller Center, 1933.Samuel Herman Gottscho/Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons 29 of 56Unemployed men sit at the docks, 1934.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 30 of 56Men wait on a breadline, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 31 of 56Clotheslines rest over the court of a crowded Upper East Side tenement, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 32 of 56World War I veterans board a bus in lower Manhattan bound for upstate New York’s Fort Slocum, where a government relief program offered dollar-a-day reforestation jobs, 1933.Library of Congress 33 of 56Women talk while one of their children plays in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 34 of 56Two waiters serve lunch to steel workers on a girder of the famous, soon-to-be-completed Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 1930.Keystone/Getty Images 35 of 56Unemployed, single women march to demand jobs, 1933.Library of Congress 36 of 56The hungry wait to be fed outside St. Peter’s Mission, circa 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons 37 of 56Woolworth’s employees on strike for a 40-hour work week, 1937.Library of Congress 38 of 56Construction in progress on the Empire State Building with the Chrysler Building in the background, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 39 of 56Children’s protest parade for better housing conditions, circa 1930-1933.Library of Congress 40 of 56A bootblack at work outside the New York Savings Bank, 1937.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress 41 of 56Men on the street outside a chicken shop at an unspecified location, 1938.Jack Allison/Library of Congress 42 of 56The first session of the Communist National Convention, at the Manhattan Opera House on June 24, 1936.
As the Great Depression put more and more people out of work and plunged them into poverty, communism became an increasingly attractive ideology.AFP/AFP/Getty Images 43 of 56The Empire State Building under construction, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library 44 of 56Leading New York gangster Charles “Lucky” Luciano in his 1931 mugshot following an arrest on charges of leading a prostitution ring.
After the Prohibition of the 1920s allowed organized crime to thrive behind illegal alcohol sales, gangsters entered the 1930s with a new level of wealth and power. It was during this time that Luciano and several other key crime figures, including Bugsy Siegel and Meyer Lansky, helped establish the Five Families and bring the New York mafia into its modern form.New York Police Department via Wikimedia Commons 45 of 56Angry crowds gather outside lower Manhattan’s Bank of United States following its devastating collapse, 1931.Library of Congress 46 of 56The Williamsburg Bridge as seen from the Brooklyn side, 1937.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 47 of 56A woman on strike stands on Manhattan’s 7th Avenue, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 48 of 56Weighing the catch at the Fulton Market in lower Manhattan, 1934.Library of Congress 49 of 56Pushcart market in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, 1939.Alan Fisher/Library of Congress 50 of 56Inside McSorley’s Old Ale House – which opened its doors in the mid-19th century and remains one of New York’s oldest operating pubs today – in the East Village, 1937. Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 51 of 56A family gathers on their stoop on Jay Street in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library 52 of 56Bathgate Avenue in the Bronx, an area popular with federal subsistence homesteaders coming in from New Jersey, 1936.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress 53 of 56Young men gather in front of re-election signs for President Franklin D. Roosevelt – whose federal relief programs helped the city through the Great Depression to a great extent – in Midtown Manhattan, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress 54 of 56Elected in 1933, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia helped New York weather the Great Depression as best it could. The city’s first ever mayor of either southern or eastern European descent, he unified the city’s poor immigrant populations (most of which came from that region). Given his close association with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he also enacted scores of social and economic relief programs.
Pictured: LaGuardia giving a radio broadcast, 1940.Fred Palumbo/Library of Congress 55 of 56Ultimately, the Great Depression exposed just how bad poverty in much of the city had already been for decades. In response, LaGuardia’s initiatives saw thousands of slums and tenements fixed, torn down, or rebuilt, making way for a newer, better New York that would see extraordinary economic growth in the coming decades.
Pictured: Lower Manhattan, circa 1931.U.S. National Archives via Wikimedia Commons 56 of 56Like this gallery?Share it:
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1 of 56With the stock market crash of 1929, the Great Depression, at least nominally, began in New York City. The economic cataclysm would hit the nation’s largest city particularly hard.
An unemployed man reads a newspaper in his shanty, 1933.FPG/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
2 of 56An unemployed man lies down on the city docks, circa 1935.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons
3 of 56Much of Central Park became Hooverville, a shanty town for the newly impoverished (named for President Herbert Hoover, in office during the market crash and widely blamed for it) – pictured above, 1933.Bettmann/Getty Images
4 of 56An old woman receives her Thanksgiving ration of food as other hungry people wait in line for the same, 1930.Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
5 of 56Yet amid all this poverty and desperation, certain aspects of New York thrived during the Great Depression. Throughout those ten or so years, it in many ways became the city we know today.
Pictured: The most famous image of the many high-profile New York construction projects of the Great Depression depicts laborers taking their lunch break on a steel beam atop the 70-story RCA building in Rockefeller Center, more than 800 feet above the street, on September 20, 1932.Bettmann/Getty Images
6 of 56While the true roots of the Great Depression in America are varied and complex, the simplified version of the story begins on “Black Thursday,” October 24, 1929. At this point, fears of dangerously rampant speculation saw stockholders dump their assets at record numbers, with the market losing a whopping 11 percent of its value on that one day.
Pictured: Traders work on Wall Street in October 1929.OFF/AFP/Getty Images
7 of 56Just four days after “Black Thursday” came “Black Monday” and “Black Tuesday,” when the market lost a further 13 and 12 percent, respectively, of its value. It was, all things considered, the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States.
Pictured: Upset crowds gather outside the New York Stock Exchange soon after the crash.Library of Congress
8 of 56Soon after the crash, tens of millions across the country sank into poverty. And in New York, by 1932, “half of [the city’s] manufacturing plants were closed, one in every three New Yorkers was unemployed, and roughly 1.6 million were on some form of relief,” according to the New York Tenement Museum.
Unemployed men sit outside their makeshift homes in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library
9 of 56Within six months of the crash, more than 50 breadlines served meals to approximately 50,000 hungry people each day in the Lower East Side alone.
Pictured: A long line of unemployed and homeless men wait outside to get free dinner at a municipal lodging house, circa 1930.Fotosearch/Getty Images
10 of 56A woman pulls her baggage as she pushes her baby in a pram, circa early 1930s.Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images
11 of 56Talman Street in northwest Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library
12 of 56Children play in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress
13 of 56The Manhattan Bridge as seen from Pike and Henry Streets, littered with trash, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library
14 of 56A child sits on the fire escape of the tenement in which she lives, circa mid-1930s.Consuelo Kanaga/Brooklyn Museum via Wikimedia Commons
15 of 56A large group of people wait on a food line, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons
16 of 56A man stands beside his traveling tin shop in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library
17 of 56A vacant lot in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/New York Public Library
18 of 56Unemployed men smoke cigarettes amid their shantytown in lower Manhattan, 1935.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library
19 of 56However, while poverty plunged New York to new depths, the city’s ambitious construction projects pushed it to new heights. During the Great Depression, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, Radio City Music Hall, Rockefeller Center, the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, and more were all completed.
Pictured: A laborer works on the frame of the Empire State Building, 1930.Lewis Hine via Wikimedia Commons
20 of 56A worker on the Empire State Building hangs by a steel beam, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library
21 of 56A laborer during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library
22 of 56The soon-to-be-completed Empire State Building, 1931.Irving Underhill/Library of Congress
23 of 56Construction on the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library
24 of 56The recently completed Chrysler Building, circa 1930.Detroit Publishing Co./Library of Congress
25 of 56A workman rides a crane hook during construction of the Empire State Building, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library
26 of 56The recently opened Radio City Music Hall, 1934.Wurts Brothers/New York Public Library
27 of 56A laborer sits on the frame of an unfinished building overlooking Manhattan, 1935.Wikimedia Commons
28 of 56The recently completed 30 Rockefeller Center, 1933.Samuel Herman Gottscho/Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons
29 of 56Unemployed men sit at the docks, 1934.Lewis Hine/National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons
30 of 56Men wait on a breadline, 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons
31 of 56Clotheslines rest over the court of a crowded Upper East Side tenement, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library
32 of 56World War I veterans board a bus in lower Manhattan bound for upstate New York’s Fort Slocum, where a government relief program offered dollar-a-day reforestation jobs, 1933.Library of Congress
33 of 56Women talk while one of their children plays in the gutter in the southern section of the Bronx, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress
34 of 56Two waiters serve lunch to steel workers on a girder of the famous, soon-to-be-completed Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 1930.Keystone/Getty Images
35 of 56Unemployed, single women march to demand jobs, 1933.Library of Congress
36 of 56The hungry wait to be fed outside St. Peter’s Mission, circa 1932.National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons
37 of 56Woolworth’s employees on strike for a 40-hour work week, 1937.Library of Congress
38 of 56Construction in progress on the Empire State Building with the Chrysler Building in the background, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library
39 of 56Children’s protest parade for better housing conditions, circa 1930-1933.Library of Congress
40 of 56A bootblack at work outside the New York Savings Bank, 1937.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress
41 of 56Men on the street outside a chicken shop at an unspecified location, 1938.Jack Allison/Library of Congress
42 of 56The first session of the Communist National Convention, at the Manhattan Opera House on June 24, 1936.
As the Great Depression put more and more people out of work and plunged them into poverty, communism became an increasingly attractive ideology.AFP/AFP/Getty Images
43 of 56The Empire State Building under construction, 1931.Lewis Hine/New York Public Library
44 of 56Leading New York gangster Charles “Lucky” Luciano in his 1931 mugshot following an arrest on charges of leading a prostitution ring.
After the Prohibition of the 1920s allowed organized crime to thrive behind illegal alcohol sales, gangsters entered the 1930s with a new level of wealth and power. It was during this time that Luciano and several other key crime figures, including Bugsy Siegel and Meyer Lansky, helped establish the Five Families and bring the New York mafia into its modern form.New York Police Department via Wikimedia Commons
45 of 56Angry crowds gather outside lower Manhattan’s Bank of United States following its devastating collapse, 1931.Library of Congress
46 of 56The Williamsburg Bridge as seen from the Brooklyn side, 1937.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library
47 of 56A woman on strike stands on Manhattan’s 7th Avenue, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress
48 of 56Weighing the catch at the Fulton Market in lower Manhattan, 1934.Library of Congress
49 of 56Pushcart market in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, 1939.Alan Fisher/Library of Congress
50 of 56Inside McSorley’s Old Ale House – which opened its doors in the mid-19th century and remains one of New York’s oldest operating pubs today – in the East Village, 1937. Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library
51 of 56A family gathers on their stoop on Jay Street in Brooklyn, 1936.Berenice Abbott/New York Public Library
52 of 56Bathgate Avenue in the Bronx, an area popular with federal subsistence homesteaders coming in from New Jersey, 1936.Arthur Rothstein/Library of Congress
53 of 56Young men gather in front of re-election signs for President Franklin D. Roosevelt – whose federal relief programs helped the city through the Great Depression to a great extent – in Midtown Manhattan, 1936.Russell Lee/Library of Congress
54 of 56Elected in 1933, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia helped New York weather the Great Depression as best it could. The city’s first ever mayor of either southern or eastern European descent, he unified the city’s poor immigrant populations (most of which came from that region). Given his close association with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he also enacted scores of social and economic relief programs.
Pictured: LaGuardia giving a radio broadcast, 1940.Fred Palumbo/Library of Congress
55 of 56Ultimately, the Great Depression exposed just how bad poverty in much of the city had already been for decades. In response, LaGuardia’s initiatives saw thousands of slums and tenements fixed, torn down, or rebuilt, making way for a newer, better New York that would see extraordinary economic growth in the coming decades.
Pictured: Lower Manhattan, circa 1931.U.S. National Archives via Wikimedia Commons
56 of 56Like this gallery?Share it:
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55 Harrowing Photos Of The Great Depression In New York City View Gallery
55 Harrowing Photos Of The Great Depression In New York City View Gallery
55 Harrowing Photos Of The Great Depression In New York City View Gallery
55 Harrowing Photos Of The Great Depression In New York City View Gallery
55 Harrowing Photos Of The Great Depression In New York City
View Gallery
Just nine years ago, the United States fell to its knees as the housing market went bust, Detroit collapsed, and Wall Street crumbled, marking the start of the Great Recession. Within just two years, the U.S. unemployment rate more than doubled, reaching a whopping ten percent in 2009.
The crisis went worldwide and ultimately became the worst global recession since World War II. But none of it held a candle to the Great Depression.
During the Great Recession, the worldwide GDP fell by less than one percent. During the Great Depression, that fall was 15 times worse. And in the U.S. in particular, unemployment during the Great Depression increased not by a mere factor of two, but by a factor of six, ultimately hitting historic highs of about 25 percent in 1933.
The trouble began in earnest four years earlier with the Wall Street crashes of September and October 1929. Fueled by excessive stock speculation and shaky banking standards unequipped to handle those investments, the crash plunged the U.S. and the rest of the Western industrialized world into the worst economic cataclysm in modern history.
And perhaps no place in America felt the effects of the Great Depression worse than the place where it at least nominally started: New York City.
For decades before the crash, both European immigrants and domestic rural migrants had been flooding into New York, causing the city’s population to double between 1900 and 1930. With so many new people — many of them impoverished to begin with — pouring in, New York’s housing and job prospects were shaky to say the least even before the crash.
And when the crash came, the results were devastating. In the words of the New York Tenement Museum:
Yet the city, under the leadership of Mayor Fiorello Laguardia, ultimately proved well prepared to respond to the crisis. To say nothing of his administration’s work relief programs, LaGuardia’s housing initiatives shut down 10,000 decrepit tenements (more than half of which lacked central heating and toilets) and forced landlords to upgrade another 30,000.
In the end, the Great Depression served to expose the relatively hidden wounds that had been festering in New York for years — or at least force the powers that be to do something about them. And with those wounds cleaned out, the city was able to rebuild into something stronger and become, in many ways, the New York we know today.
Next, see how the Great Depression crippled the entire nation and African-Americans in particular. Then, have a look at the other hard times that New York City has faced in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.
